What Is the Fair & Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA)?

Credit

In the early 2000s, the digital age was rapidly unfolding, bringing with it unprecedented changes in how personal information was stored, shared, and used. This era marked the advent of a significant and growing concern: identity theft.

While not yet rampant, the signs were clear to those paying attention. Identity theft, a term barely known in the previous decade, was beginning to make headlines, signaling a looming crisis in personal financial security.

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To put this into perspective, consider the statistics from this period. In 2001, the Federal Trade Commission reported a steep rise in identity theft complaints, a trend that continued in the subsequent years.

High-profile data breaches began to surface, highlighting the vulnerability of personal information in an increasingly interconnected world. These incidents were not just numbers; they represented real people whose lives were upended by fraudsters exploiting weaknesses in the system.

This emerging threat demanded a robust response. The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA), introduced in 2003, was a legislative acknowledgment of the evolving landscape of credit and identity security.

By understanding the context of the early 2000s—the growing pains of the digital age, the initial brushes with widespread data breaches, and the rising tide of identity theft cases—we can better appreciate the significance of FACTA’s introduction and the protections it aimed to establish for consumers in an increasingly digital world.

What is the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA)?

To gain a more comprehensive understanding of FACTA, it’s essential to understand how it specifically amends the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). FACTA introduced several key changes aimed directly at enhancing consumer protection against identity theft and credit fraud. These amendments include:

  1. Free Annual Credit Reports: A widely known provision of FACTA is the requirement for the three major credit bureaus – Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion – to provide a free credit report to any individual who requests one once every twelve months. To facilitate this, they created the website www.annualcreditreport.com, allowing consumers to easily access their credit reports, a crucial step in monitoring and safeguarding personal financial information.
  2. Fraud Alerts: FACTA made it simpler for consumers to place fraud alerts on their credit files. These alerts notify potential creditors to take extra steps in verifying the consumer’s identity before extending credit, thereby offering an additional layer of protection against identity theft.
  3. Active Duty Alerts: For military personnel, FACTA introduced special active duty alerts, providing extra safeguards for those serving overseas.
  4. Truncation of Credit Card Numbers: One of the more visible changes FACTA brought was the requirement that only the last five digits of a credit card number can be printed on receipts. This measure drastically reduces the risk of credit card number theft from physical documents.
  5. Red Flag Rules: Perhaps one of the most impactful changes, FACTA required financial institutions and creditors to develop and implement written identity theft prevention programs. These ‘Red Flag Rules’ compel businesses to actively monitor and respond to patterns, practices, or specific activities that could indicate identity theft.
  6. Disposal Rules: FACTA established guidelines for the proper disposal of consumer information, requiring businesses to take appropriate measures to prevent unauthorized access to or use of the information.

Implementing Fraud Alerts to Protect Your Identity

Anyone who believes they may be at risk of identity theft can have a fraud alert placed on their credit for 90 days. The consumer reporting agencies will then notify them if anyone attempts to open an account in their name in that time frame.

However, a person can also put the hold into place if they believe they are already a victim of identity theft. From then on, each credit reporting agency is required to disclose the fraud alert and/or request on consumer reports. This alert must be reflected on the credit report for at least seven years after the request or incident.

Consumers can also request that companies remove their names from lists sold to credit companies looking for business. Military personnel also have this option while on active duty and can have their names removed for an entire year to protect themselves financially.

How FACTA Protects Your Credit and Debit Card Numbers

Under FACTA, it is illegal to print more than five of your debit or credit card numbers on a receipt. Any company or business that does otherwise must pay a fine per violation, ranging from $100 to $1000. Many companies have had massive fines because of this oversight, which leads to that business closing more often than not.

Of course, there’s an exception:

This rule does not include any receipt, where the business has to handwrite or imprint the number at the point of sale if other electronic means are not available. Say, for example, if a company’s power or internet service were to go out.

What is the Red Flag Rule?

This aspect of FACTA requires all federal banking agencies, the Federal Trade Commission, and the National Credit Union Administration to work together. They’re required to create rules and regulations to prevent possible identity theft stemming from address changes. As one might expect, notice of address changes are the first clues that identity theft is in motion.

Here are the red flag rules:

  1. All users of consumer reports must respond to address discrepancies.
  2. All debit and credit card issuers must assess whether a change of address is legitimate or not, and must do so within a set period of time.
  3. Each financial institution must create and implement an identity theft prevention program.

Knowing Your Rights in the Event of Identity Theft

The Federal Trade Commission requires that consumer reporting agencies print and distribute the rights of consumers who believe they are victims of identity theft upon request. The literature, which you can also find online at www.identitytheft.gov, is a comprehensive resource for victims.

It lists the amount of time you have to dispute identity theft purchases and what you can expect to lose. It also outlines your state and federal rights as they pertain to other acts, such as the Justice for All Act.

If you believe you are a victim, or if you don’t want to become another statistic, this is a great site to get started protecting yourself.

Stopping Reports of Identity Theft-Related Information

Under FACTA, individuals have the right to request credit reporting agencies to block information on their credit report that they believe stems from identity theft. This process involves:

  1. Filing an Identity Theft Report: The individual must file an identity theft report, typically with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) or local law enforcement.
  2. Notification to Credit Reporting Agencies: The consumer sends this report to the three major credit reporting agencies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion), identifying the specific information they believe resulted from identity theft.
  3. Statement of Non-Involvement: Along with the report, the consumer must provide a statement affirming that the disputed transactions or accounts were not initiated or authorized by them.

Once these steps are completed, credit bureaus are obligated to promptly stop reporting the disputed information.

Criteria for Removing Blocks on Reported Information

Credit bureaus may remove blocks on consumer information under the following conditions:

  • False Allegations: If it’s discovered that the consumer falsely reported identity theft (i.e., they actually authorized the transactions or accounts in question).
  • Errors or Inconsistencies: If there are errors or inconsistencies in the consumer’s submission or in the information being disputed.
  • Mistaken Blocks: In instances where a block was applied in error or based on a misunderstanding.

These criteria aim to balance the protection of consumers against identity theft with safeguards against fraudulent claims.

Coordinating Investigations Among Credit Bureaus

FACTA mandates a collaborative response from credit bureaus in the event of identity theft:

  1. Inter-Agency Communication: When a consumer files an identity theft report and requests a fraud alert, the credit bureau receiving the report must inform the other credit bureaus.
  2. Unified Fraud Alert System: Placing a fraud alert with one bureau automatically triggers alerts with the others.
  3. Joint Investigation Efforts: Consumer reporting agencies share information and collaborate in investigating and validating identity theft claims.
  4. Reporting to the FTC: All identity theft incidents are reported to the Federal Trade Commission for oversight and coordination.
  5. Consumer Follow-Up: Consumers should stay in contact with each consumer reporting agency to ensure all necessary actions are taken and to track the progress of their case.

This coordinated approach ensures a comprehensive and effective response to identity theft, safeguarding consumer interests.

Conclusion

The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA) marks a significant advancement in consumer protection, especially in the context of credit reporting and identity theft prevention. Amending the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), FACTA provides enhanced rights for consumers, empowering them with greater access and control over their credit information.

It introduces measures for proactive fraud prevention and streamlines the response to identity theft, ensuring a coordinated approach among consumer reporting agencies and financial institutions. Moreover, FACTA holds these entities accountable for protecting consumer data.

In an increasingly digital world with growing risks of data breaches and identity fraud, the relevance and importance of FACTA’s protections cannot be overstated. It encourages consumers to remain vigilant and actively engage with the rights and tools available under the Act. In essence, FACTA is not just a response to past challenges but a forward-looking measure, crucial for safeguarding consumer rights and financial integrity in the evolving digital landscape.

Lauren Ward
Meet the author

Lauren is a personal finance writer who strives to equip readers with the knowledge to achieve their financial objectives. She has over a decade of experience and a Bachelor's degree in Japanese from Georgetown University.